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XII IPA 4

Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 2 Sorong Kota

Tahun 2015

1. Describtive Text

A descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose and reveal a particular person, place or thing.  

      Generic Structure

Ø Identification : is a part from describtive text that filled with topics or “what” is going to describe.

Ø Describtion : is the part of the paragraph that describes or filled about the specifically discussion or “what” is happened on identification about general physical, quality, general atitide or ect.

      A Describtive text uses:

·         simple present tense

·         relating verb

·         thinking verb

·         used adverbs

v  Example of describtive text :

Monas National Monument

The Monas National Monument is a 132-meter tower in the center of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, is the capital of the state. It symbolizes the struggle for Indonesian independence of our country. The monument consists of a 117.7 m obelisk on a 45m square platform at a height of 17 m. The towering monument symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and Yoni. Resembles a phallus, or pestle mortar pestle and Yoni resembles rice or mortar, two important things in the tradition of Indonesian agriculture. Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Sukarno, the first president of the us and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil, and now the monument calls.

2. Recount Text

A recount text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity. Its goal is to entertaining or informing the reader,

        Generic Structure

Ø  Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants.

Ø  Event : tell us what happened, in what sequence.

Ø  Re-orientation : optional closure of events.

        A recount text uses:

·         Past tense

·         Nouns and pronouns

·         Action verbs

·         Conjunctions and time connectives

·         Adverb and adverb phrases

·         Adjectives to describe nouns

v  Example of recount text :

Going to School

My mother got me ready for school then I had to wait for her to brush my hair and place every strand in just the perfect position. I had to show her my shoes that I had cleaned the night before and my school bag had to be neatly put on my shoulder before I could get near the door. Only after my mother was totally satisfied, would I be allowed to rush out of the frontdoor. I would leave home at 8 am on the dot and make my way down the lane. After a walk of about 700 metres I would be able to see the tall steeple of the school. The playground would be full in the summer and the noise would make me want to rush into the yard and get into a good game of football before the bell went.                                           

                                                                                                    

3. Narrative Text

A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people. The previous narrative text is called a fable. According to Wikipedia, a fable is a story that features animals, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature which are anthropomorphized (given human qualities). It illustrates a moral lesson (a “moral”), which may at the end be expressed explicitly in a pithy maxim. 

The purpose of narrative text : to give amusement or entertain to the readers.

        Generic structure

Ø  Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants of the story.

Ø  Complication : a crisis arises

Ø  Resolution : the crisis is resolved, better or for worse.

        The grammatical features of narrative text

·         Use past tense

·         Use of connectives and conjunctions to sequence events through time : next day, after some day , etc

·         Use of adverbs and adverbial phrases to locate the particular events : once upon a time, one day, etc

v  Example of narrative text :

      

   The Smartest Animal

Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening, he ploughed his field with his buffalo.

One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know more about the big animal and the small animal.

After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “you are so big and strong. Why do you do everything the man tells you?” The buffalo answered; “oh, the man is very intelligent”.

The tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “No, I can’t tell you”, said the buffalo; “but you can ask him”

So the next day the tiger asked to the man; “Can I see your intelligence?”. But the man answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?” asked the tiger. “Yes” said the man; “but I am afraid you will kill my buffalo when I am gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”

After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence. He took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “Now you know about my intelligence even you haven’t seen it.

4. Procedure Text

A  procedure text is a text to describe how something is done through a sequence of action or steps.

      Generic structure

Ø  Aim / goal : is a title

Ø  Material or ingredients

Ø  Step or direction

      The language features of procedure are as follows

·         Use imperative sentence. Example : put or etc.

·         Use action verbs. Example : spread, fill, add, pour, and ect.

·         Linking words and phrases expressing sequence. Example : first, then, finally.

·         Adverbials to show when or how.

v  Example of Procedure Text :

Aim / goal

How to Make a Greeting Card

You will need : ·         Hard paper ·         Various stickers ·         Coloring pens

Materials

Steps

What to do : 1.     Fold the paper into two. 2.    Decorate the front page with the various stickers. 3.    Open the paper 4.    Write the name of the receiver of the card at the upper with coloring pens. 5.    Then, write your messages in the center part of the page. 6.    Don’t forget to write the name of the sender of the card under it 7.    Your greeting card is ready to send

 

                            

5. Report Text

A report text describes the way things are (is the purpose of this text), with reference to a range of natural, man-made, and social phenomenon in our environment. It also classifies information. It has a logical sequence of facts that are stated without any personal involvement (personal opinion) from the writer.

      Generic structure

Ø  General classification : it tells what the phenomenon in discussion is.

Ø  Description : it tells what the phenomenon in discussion is like in terms of parts; qualities; habits or behaviors (if living) and uses (if non-natural). It also classifies information

v  Example of Report Text

                             Climates

Tropical climates are warm climates in the tropical zones on either side of the Equator. The average temperature of the tropical zones is 27˚C, just like our country. The climate is cool near the Poles. Temperature climates are mild climates in the temperature zone between the tropic and the polar regions. Summer temperatures may average 23˚C and  winter temperatures may average 12˚C.  A  Mediterranean climate is a temperate climate with warm summers and mild winters.

CLASIFICATION

DESCRIPTION

Climate is the typical weather of a place over a long period of time. Near the Equator climates are warm.

 

6. Spoof Text

Spoof text is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. The purpose of this text is tell an event with humorous twist and entertain the readers.

      Generic structure

Ø  Orientation : who were involved in the story, when and where

Ø  Events : tell what happened in chronological order

Ø  Twist : provide the funiest part of the story

      Language feature :

·         Focusing on people, animals or certain things

·         Using action verb : ate, run, etc

·         Using adverb of time and place

·         Told in chronological order

v  Example of Spoof Text

A Private Conversation

Last week I went to the theater. I had very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily

They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily. “it’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation”.

v  Generic Structure Analysis:

ü  Orientation : introducing the writer as the first point of view “I” which is in a theater last week. 

ü  Events 1 : the other theatergoers, young man and young woman, were talking noisily.

ü  Events 2 : the writer used physical language by turning around to the young man and young woman talk not to make noise.

ü  Events 3 : the writer used verbal language by saying “I could not hear a word”.

ü  Twist : the young man  misunderstood the writer’s word said; “it’s none of your business. It’s a private conservation”.

7. Hortatory Exposition Text

Hortatory exposition text is used to argue a case for or against a particular posisition or point of view and it purpose a suggestion in the end of the argumentation.

Social function : to persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

      Generic structure

Ø  Thesis : announcement of issue concern.

Ø  Argument : reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.

Ø  Recommendation : statement of what ought to or ought not to happen.

      Language Features of hortatory exposition

·         Focusing on the writer

·         Using abstrak noun: policy, adventage, etc

·         Using action verb

·         Using thingking verb

·         Using modals adverb: certainly, surely

·         Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc.

v  Example of Hortatory Exposition text

         

  Should governments censor materials on the World Wide Web ?

The internet is the fastest growing and largest tool for mass communication and information distribution in the world. There has been increasing concern about damaging internet content from violence and sexual content, which can gives negative influence on the culture identity. The government should censor materials on the internet based on the following reasons.

THESIS

 

Firstly, child pornography in the media is never tolerated. They are apparent victims of harmful and offensive content in the internet. The internet should be no exception to these basic standards. Truly offensive material such as pornography and extreme racial hatred are no different, simply because they are published on the World Wide Web as opposed to a book or video. Secondly, people recognise that moving pictures and sound are more graphic and powerful then text and photographs or illustrations to influence people’s minds. There is also normally more regulation of videos from the internet then cinema films. It is because the viewer of a video is a captive audience with the power to rewind, view again and distribute more widely.

ARGUMENT

 

                                                                                    

Lastly, censoring harmful materials in the internet is an international problem. If a global solution is required then it can be achieved by international co-operation. Children are particularly vulnerable to the offensive and harmful content in the internet. The government should soon regulate a rule to protect the nations from negative influence from the internet.

RECOMENDATION

 

       8.  Analytical Exposition Text

             Analycal Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surroding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

      Generic structure:

Ø  Thesis : introduces a topic and indicates then writer's position; outlines the main arguments to be presented.

Ø  Arguments : restates main arguments outlined in a preview; develops and supports each point/argument.

Ø  Reiteration: restates the writer's position.

      Language Features of Analytical Exposition Text

·         Using relational process

·         Using international conjunction

·         Using casual conjuction

·         Using simple present tense

v Example of Analytical Exposition Text

Cars should be banned in the city

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

THESIS

 

Firstly, cars as we all know, contribute most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die for them. Secondly the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers. Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

In conclution, cars should be banned from the city for the reason listed.

REITERATION

ARGUMENT

 

9. Explanation Text

                Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

        Generic structure of Explanation

Ø General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

Ø Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

        Language Feature

·      Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc

·      Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc

·      Using passive voice pattern

·      Using simple present tense

v  Example of Explanation Text

River

A river is natural stream of freshwater that is larger than a brook or creek. Rivers are normally the main channels or largest tributaries of drainage systems.

GENERAL STATEMENT

 

Typical rivers begin with a flow from headwater areas made up of small tributaries, such as springs. They then travel in meandering paths at various speeds. Finally, they discharge or flow out into desert basins, into major lakes, or most likely, into oceans.

EXPLANATION

 

                                                                

10.  Discussion text

Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Social function : to present (at least) many different aspects of an issue.

      Generic Structure

Ø  Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed.

Ø  Arguments : states of differing points of view (arguments for and against the issue).

Ø  Recommendation; states the recommendation of the issue.

      Language Feature of Discussion

·      Introducing category or generic participant

·      Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc

·      Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc

·      Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc

·      Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

v  Example of Discusssion Text

Organic Farming

Arguments for and against organic farming are lagerly anecdotal and left to personal opinions. Here are a few arguments for both side.

Organic farming is good for the environment. Numerous surveys have evaluated the environmental impact of various farming methods. From these, a general consensus holds that organic farms do not use synthetic pesticides which can harm local wildlife.             Organic farming is good for food consumers. The harmful effects of pesticide exposure are well documented. Even when they are used properly, they still end expose consumers to dangerous organophosphate pesticides and other dangerous chemicals.

ISSUE

ARGUMENTS FOR

 

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                  

Perhaps the single best arguments against organic food is that it is just too costly. On average, consumers pay 50% more for organic products and up to 100% more for organic meat and dairy products.

To sum up, organic farming is a good way of farming. It is safe for the environment and consumers.

RECOMENDATION

ARGUMENTS AGAINST

 

11.    News Item Text

                   News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

      Generic Structure

Ø  Newsworthy events

Ø  Backround events

Ø  Resource of information

      Language Feature of News Item

·         Focusing on circumstances

·         Using material process

v  Example of News Item Text

Town ‘Contaminated

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.             The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered  up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

BACKROUND EVENTS

RESOURCE

NEWSWORTHY EVENTS

 

12.  Review Text

                Review is one of text genres. This classification of text types is commonly based on the structure which used by the writer to compose his text. Each text type will have different form of generic structure. Social function : to criticise an art work, event for a public audience.

      Generic structure

Ø  Orientation : places the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or thorough an analog with a non–art object or event.

Ø  Interpretive Recount : summarise the plot and/or providers an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into being.

Ø  Evaluation : provides an evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive.

Ø  Summary: this phase is recommending conclusion for reader of the product. After clearly explanation, a reviewer will make a final comment whether the product is valuable or not for targeted buyer. This phase is the worth of the review for reader.

      Common grammatical features in review text include :

·         Adjectives for describing characters

·         Present tense- changes to past tense if text have a historical setting.

·         Persuasive language used in assessing.

v  Example of Review Text

     “The Final (The 4^th Series of Homelanders)” by Andrew Klavan

Boys love adventure. Boys love action. Andrew Kavlan cleverly combine them in his book series, “The Final Hour”. Now, comes the fourth book. This action-adventure series is like no other. Boys will eat it up, some girls will like it too.

ORIENTATION

 

                                                                                 

Charlie West in prison and not just some juvenile detention center. He’s in Abingdon State Prison, a high security prison for the vilest offenders. Between the prisoners and the brutal guards, it looks like Charlie might be someone’s next victim. But his memories are slowly coming back and Charlie learns that a terrorist strike is coming soon. He has to do something, but what ? No one will listen to a convict, all his allies are gone and time is ticking away. But Charlie can’t give up. Not when lives are at stake.

INTERPRETATIVE RECOUNT

 

                                            

Loved it! I closed this book with a smile on my face, because these four novels really felt like one big story and it was tough having to wait for the next one. I loved the way Andrew Klavan told this tale, how he weaved it backwards and forwards with action, memories and mystery. It was very cleverlt done.

SUMMARY

EVALUATION

This is a great series for boy readers. So, if you love action and adventure novels, or if you’re looking for some books for a young man, look no further. This is the series. I highly recommend all for Homelander books.

 

13.    Anecdote Text

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

      Generic Structure of Anecdote

Ø  Abstrac

Ø  Orientation

Ø  Crisis

Ø  Reaction/ incident

Ø  Coda

      Language Feature of Anecdote

·         Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc

·         Using imperative; listen to this

·         Using rhetoric question; do you know what?

·         Using action verb; go, write, etc

·         Using conjunction of time; then, afterward

·         Using simple past tense

Scarecrow

I am from a big family. I have two aunts and one uncle whose houses are so far from mine. I am the oldest child and have three brothers and one sister. I make many friends and love them very much. Everyday, after school, as village children, we gather together in our village’s playing field. In there, we can play football, play kites, play the “go back through the door” game, marbles game, and some other village children’s . We are very closed friends.

One day, Thinky, my cousin, said, “Hi friends, you know that my father is a clever farmer. He had created scarecrow that made the birds never approach our paddy-field anymore. They just watched it from three miles away. They didn’t dare to pick even a grain of rice,” he boasted. “That’s great,” said one of my friends. “That’s nothing,” said Pinky, a big talk friend, too. “My father had created a so big-talk created a so big-dark scarecrow that the birds returned all of rice they had picked some days ago.”

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santai aja bro saya sudah tau karakterisktik  anda :D
sudah saya sediakan berbentuk dokumen rapi + ada gambanya

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